What is Nearsightedness (Myopia)? A Patient’s Guide

Nearsightedness, known medically as myopia, is a common vision condition where you can see close objects clearly, but distant objects appear blurry. 

This happens because the shape of your eye causes light rays to focus in front of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, instead of directly on it.

This refractive error is more than just an inconvenience, it’s a rapidly growing global public health concern.

According to projections from the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 50% of the world’s population—a staggering 5 billion people—could be myopic by 2050.

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of nearsightedness, from its fundamental causes and symptoms to the most advanced treatment and management strategies available today.

We will explore how myopia is diagnosed, the risks associated with its progression, and what you can do to protect your vision for a lifetime.

What is Nearsightedness (Myopia) and How Does it Affect Vision?

At its core, nearsightedness is a focusing problem.

It’s a type of refractive error, which means the eye doesn’t bend (refract) light correctly, leading to a blurred image.

Understanding this requires a quick look at how normal vision works.

Understanding the Basics of Vision

For you to see clearly, light must pass through two key parts of your eye that focus images:

• The Cornea: The clear, dome-shaped front surface of your eye.
• The Lens: A clear structure located behind the cornea that changes shape to fine-tune focus.

In a perfectly structured eye, the cornea and lens work together to bend incoming light rays so they land precisely on the retina.

The retina then converts these light rays into electrical signals, which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve.

Your brain interprets these signals as the images you see .

The Mechanics of Nearsightedness: Why Faraway Objects Get Blurry

In a nearsighted eye, this process is disrupted.

The light rays come to a focus point in front of the retina instead of directly on it.

When the light rays reach the retina, they have already crossed and started to spread out, resulting in a blurry image for distant objects.

This focusing error typically occurs for one of two reasons:

1. The eyeball is too long: This is the most common cause, known as axial myopia. The eyeball has grown excessively from front to back, increasing the distance between the lens and the retina.
2. The cornea is too curved: The cornea’s steep curvature bends light too powerfully, causing it to focus too soon. This is known as refractive myopia.

While close-up objects can still be seen clearly (because the light from them requires less focusing power), anything beyond a certain distance becomes fuzzy and indistinct.

Nearsightedness vs. Farsightedness (Hyperopia) vs. Astigmatism

Nearsightedness is just one type of refractive error. It’s helpful to understand how it differs from other common vision conditions.

Condition	Medical Term	How it Affects Vision	Underlying Cause
Nearsightedness	Myopia	Distant objects are blurry; close objects are clear.	Eyeball is too long or cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina.
Farsightedness	Hyperopia	Close objects are blurry; distant objects may be clear or also blurry.	Eyeball is too short or cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina.
Astigmatism	Astigmatism	Vision is blurry or distorted at all distances.	Cornea or lens has an irregular, football-like shape, causing light to focus on multiple points.

It’s common for an individual to have a combination of these conditions, such as myopia with astigmatism .

How Common is Nearsightedness? A Global Epidemic

Myopia has transformed from a common inconvenience into a global health crisis.

Its prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate, particularly among children and young adults.

The Alarming Rise: Key Statistics and Projections for 2050

The numbers are stark. Researchers estimate that the global prevalence of myopia surged from around 23% in 2000 to 34% in 2020.

If current trends continue, the future looks even blurrier:

By 2050, it is projected that almost half of the global population (49.8%) will have myopia, and nearly 10% will have high myopia, a severe form that significantly increases the risk of blindness. This translates to approximately 5 billion people with myopia and 1 billion with high myopia .

This rapid increase is too fast to be explained by genetics alone, pointing to powerful environmental and lifestyle factors at play.

Global Hotspots: Why is Myopia More Prevalent in East Asia?

While myopia is a worldwide issue, the epidemic is most severe in East and Southeast Asia.

In countries like China, South Korea, Singapore, and Japan, the prevalence of myopia among young adults can reach a staggering 80-90%.

This dramatic rise began after World War II, coinciding with rapid economic development and a societal emphasis on intense education from a young age.

Researchers believe the combination of prolonged near work (reading, studying) and limited time spent outdoors are the primary drivers behind these high rates.

Myopia by the Numbers: Prevalence in Different Age Groups and Demographics

Myopia prevalence varies significantly based on age, location, and other demographic factors.

A comprehensive 2024 meta-analysis involving over 5 million participants revealed several key trends:

• Age: Adolescents (47.0%) and high school students (45.7%) show the highest rates, as myopia often develops and progresses during school years.
• Gender: Females (33.6%) tend to have a slightly higher prevalence than males.
• Location: Urban areas (28.6%) have higher rates than rural areas, likely due to lifestyle differences.
• Ethnicity: People of East Asian descent have the highest prevalence globally.

What Are the Common Symptoms of Nearsightedness?

The primary symptom of nearsightedness is blurry distance vision.

However, the signs can be subtle, especially in children who may not realize their vision is different from others.

The symptoms can also vary between adults and children.

Telltale Signs in Adults

Adults with developing or uncorrected myopia may notice:

• Blurry vision when looking at distant objects, like road signs, a television screen, or a presentation in a meeting.
• The need to squint or partially close the eyelids to see distant objects more clearly.
• Headaches or eyestrain from the effort of trying to focus.
• Feeling fatigued when driving or playing sports.
• Difficulty seeing clearly in dim light or at night, a condition known as night myopia .

Recognizing Nearsightedness in Children

Young children often can’t articulate that their vision is blurry.

Instead, parents and teachers should watch for behavioral clues that suggest a vision problem:

• Constant squinting.
• Sitting very close to the television or holding screens and books close to their face.
• Seeming unaware of distant objects.
• Frequent eye rubbing or blinking.
• Poor academic performance or difficulty seeing the whiteboard in class.
• A shortened attention span, which may be mistaken for a behavioral issue .

When to Seek Emergency Care: Red Flags for Serious Complications

While gradual blurring is typical, some symptoms warrant immediate medical attention as they can signal a retinal detachment, a medical emergency for which high myopia is a significant risk factor. Seek emergency care if you experience:

• A sudden appearance of many floaters (tiny specks or lines drifting through your vision).
• Flashes of light in one or both eyes.
• A gray, curtain-like shadow covering part of your field of vision.
• A shadow in your peripheral (side) vision.

Prompt treatment is crucial to prevent permanent vision loss from a retinal detachment.

What Causes Nearsightedness? The Nature vs. Nurture Debate

For decades, experts have debated whether myopia is primarily inherited or caused by environmental factors.

Today, the scientific consensus is clear: nearsightedness arises from a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental influences.

The Role of Genetics: Does Myopia Run in Families?

Genetics undoubtedly lays the groundwork for myopia.

Research has identified over 400 gene loci associated with refractive error and eye development.

Family history is one of the strongest predictors of a child’s risk:

• If one parent has myopia, a child’s risk of developing it is significantly increased.
• If both parents have myopia, the risk is even higher, with some studies suggesting a 1 in 2 chance.

However, having the “myopia genes” doesn’t guarantee you’ll become nearsighted.

It means you are more susceptible to environmental triggers.

Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors

The modern environment appears to be the catalyst for the myopia epidemic.

Several key factors have been strongly linked to the onset and progression of nearsightedness.

Prolonged Near Work and Screen Time

Spending long hours engaged in close-up activities like reading, studying, and using digital devices (computers, smartphones, tablets) is a major risk factor.

The “near work hypothesis” suggests that sustained focusing on close objects can lead to accommodative fatigue and trigger changes in the eye that promote axial elongation.

The Protective Effect of Spending Time Outdoors

Conversely, spending time outdoors has been consistently shown to have a protective effect, reducing the risk of myopia onset.

A meta-analysis found that spending at least 13 hours per week (just under 2 hours per day) outdoors can significantly lower a child’s likelihood of developing myopia.

The exact mechanism is still being studied, but leading theories suggest that the bright, natural light stimulates the release of dopamine in the retina, which can inhibit eye growth.

The different visual environment, with its distant focal points, also plays a role.

How the Eye’s Shape Changes: Axial vs. Refractive Myopia

As mentioned earlier, myopia is classified based on the underlying anatomical change:

• Axial Myopia: This is the most common form, especially in progressive childhood myopia. It is characterized by an excessive elongation of the eye’s axial length (the distance from the front to the back). This stretching thins the sclera (the white outer layer of the eye), choroid, and retina, which is why high axial myopia is linked to more serious complications.
• Refractive Myopia: This form is less common and results from the eye’s focusing components (cornea and lens) being too powerful for its axial length.

How is Nearsightedness Diagnosed?

Nearsightedness is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination performed by an eye care professional, either an optometrist or an ophthalmologist.

School vision screenings can help identify potential problems, but they are not a substitute for a full exam.

The Comprehensive Eye Exam: What to Expect

A standard eye exam to diagnose myopia involves several tests:

• Visual Acuity Test: This is the classic test where you read letters from a chart (like a Snellen chart) to measure how clearly you see at various distances. Your vision will be expressed as a fraction, such as 20/40, meaning you must be 20 feet away to see what a person with normal vision can see from 40 feet away.
• Refraction Assessment: Your eye doctor will use a device called a phoropter, which contains a series of lenses. You’ll look through it at an eye chart and be asked which lenses make your vision clearer. This helps determine the exact power of the corrective lenses you need.
• Retinoscopy: The doctor may shine a light into your eye to observe the reflection from the retina. This helps provide an objective estimate of your refractive error, which is especially useful for children or non-verbal patients.
• Eye Health Evaluation: The exam also includes checks for other eye conditions like glaucoma, cataracts, and retinal problems. This often involves dilating your pupils with eye drops to get a clear view of the back of your eye.

Diagnosing Myopia in Children: From Toddlers to Teens

Diagnosing children requires age-appropriate techniques.

Pediatricians often perform basic vision screenings during well-child visits.

If a problem is suspected, a referral is made to an eye specialist.

For young children who can’t read letters, eye doctors use tests with pictures or the “tumbling E game”, where the child points in the direction the “E” is facing.

Understanding Your Prescription: What Do the Negative Numbers Mean?

If you are diagnosed with myopia, your prescription will have a negative number, measured in units called diopters (D). For example, a prescription might read -2.50 D.

• The negative sign (-) indicates a prescription for nearsightedness.
• The number (e.g., 2.50) indicates the strength of the lens required. The higher the number, the stronger your myopia and the more correction you need.

Myopia is often categorized by severity:

• Mild Myopia: -0.25 D to -3.00 D
• Moderate Myopia: -3.25 D to -6.00 D
• High Myopia: Greater than -6.00 D

What Are the Modern Treatments for Nearsightedness in 2025?

The approach to treating myopia has evolved dramatically.

It’s no longer just about correcting blurry vision, it’s about actively managing the condition to slow its progression, especially in children.

Treatment options can be broadly divided into vision correction, myopia control, and refractive surgery.

Corrective Options: Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses

For most people, eyeglasses and contact lenses are the primary methods for correcting the blurry distance vision caused by myopia.

They work by adding a diverging (concave) lens in front of the eye, which effectively moves the light’s focal point backward onto the retina.

• Eyeglasses: The simplest and safest option. Depending on the severity of myopia, they may be needed only for specific tasks like driving or watching a movie, or they may be required for all waking hours.
• Contact Lenses: Worn directly on the eye, they can provide a wider field of view and sharper vision for some individuals. However, they require diligent cleaning and care to prevent eye infections.

Myopia Control for Children: Slowing Progression

For children with progressive myopia, the goal is to slow down the rate of axial elongation.

This is crucial for preventing the development of high myopia and its associated health risks.

As of 2025, several evidence-based interventions are available.

Intervention	How It Works	Typical Efficacy (Slowing Axial Elongation)	Best For
Low-Dose Atropine	Pharmacological eye drops that interact with receptors in the eye to slow growth.	~30-60% (concentration-dependent)	Younger children, as a standalone or combination therapy.
Orthokeratology (Ortho-K)	Specially designed rigid contact lenses worn overnight to temporarily reshape the cornea.	~30-60%	Active children and teens who prefer not to wear glasses/contacts during the day.
Specialized Spectacle Lenses (DIMS/HAL)	Lenses with a central clear zone and peripheral lenslets that create myopic defocus to slow eye growth.	~50-60%	Young children or those not suitable for contact lenses.
Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses	Lenses with different power zones that create peripheral myopic defocus.	~40-50%	Children and teens who prefer soft contact lenses.
Repeated Low-Level Red-Light (RLRL) Therapy	A device that emits low-intensity red light, thought to stimulate the choroid and slow scleral growth.	Highly effective in some studies, but long-term data is still emerging.	An emerging option, often used for faster-progressing myopia.

Pharmacological Intervention: Low-Dose Atropine Eye Drops

Atropine, a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, has become a cornerstone of pharmacological myopia control.

While high-concentration (1%) atropine is very effective, it causes significant side effects like light sensitivity and blurred near vision.

Landmark studies like ATOM2 and LAMP found that low concentrations (e.g., 0.01%, 0.05%) provide a favorable balance of efficacy and tolerability, slowing myopia progression by inhibiting scleral remodeling Ophthalmology, 2016.

Corneal Reshaping: Orthokeratology (Ortho-K)

Ortho-K involves wearing custom-fitted rigid gas-permeable contact lenses overnight.

The lenses gently reshape the cornea, correcting vision so that no glasses or contacts are needed during the day.

This reshaping also creates peripheral myopic defocus, which is believed to send a “stop” signal to the eye, slowing axial elongation.

Efficacy rates are typically around 30-60%. Strict hygiene is essential to minimize the risk of infection.

Specialized Spectacle Lenses (DIMS, HAL)

A major breakthrough in myopia control has been the development of specialized spectacle lenses.

These include designs like Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) and Highly Aspherical Lenslets (HAL).

These lenses have a central zone to correct distance vision and a periphery filled with hundreds of tiny lenslets that create a shell of myopic defocus in front of the retina, which helps to control eye growth.

Emerging Therapy: Repeated Low-Level Red-Light (RLRL) Therapy

RLRL therapy is a novel, non-invasive treatment where the child looks into a device that delivers low-intensity red light for a few minutes, typically twice a day.

Studies have shown it can be highly effective in slowing, and in some cases even reversing, axial elongation.

The proposed mechanism involves thickening the choroid and modulating scleral growth signals.

While promising, more long-term safety and efficacy data are needed.

Refractive Surgery for Adults: Is it a Permanent Fix?

For adults whose prescription has been stable for at least a year, refractive surgery can be an option to permanently correct myopia.

These procedures reshape the cornea to change its focusing power.

• LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): The most common procedure. A flap is created in the cornea, a laser reshapes the underlying tissue, and the flap is replaced.
• PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy): The cornea’s outer layer is removed, and a laser reshapes the surface. The outer layer grows back. This is often preferred for those with thin corneas.
• Phakic Intraocular Lenses (IOLs): For those with very high myopia or thin corneas, a lens implant can be surgically placed inside the eye in front of the natural lens.

It’s important to note that these surgeries correct the refractive error but do not change the elongated axial length of the eye.

Therefore, the risk of myopia-related diseases like retinal detachment remains.

The Power of Combination Therapy

For children with rapidly progressing myopia, eye care professionals are increasingly using combination therapies to achieve better results.

Combining treatments that work through different mechanisms can have a synergistic effect.

For example, using Ortho-K lenses at night with low-dose atropine drops has been shown to be more effective at slowing axial elongation than either treatment alone.

Can Nearsightedness Lead to Serious Eye Problems?

Yes. This is one of the most critical and often misunderstood aspects of myopia.

Nearsightedness is not just a refractive error, it is a risk factor for several potentially blinding eye diseases, especially in its high and pathologic forms.

Understanding High Myopia and Pathologic Myopia

High myopia is generally defined as a refractive error of -6.00 D or more, or an axial length of 26.5 mm or more.

The excessive stretching of the eyeball in high myopia puts mechanical stress on its delicate internal structures. 

Pathologic myopia (or myopic degeneration) occurs when this stretching leads to degenerative changes in the retina, choroid, and sclera, causing irreversible vision loss.

Increased Risk of Retinal Detachment

The elongated eyeball in high myopia causes the retina to become thinner and more fragile, particularly at the periphery.

This makes it more susceptible to tears. If a tear occurs, fluid from within the eye can seep behind the retina, causing it to detach from the back wall of the eye.

As noted earlier, this is a medical emergency that can lead to permanent blindness if not treated promptly .

Myopic Macular Degeneration (MMD)

MMD is a leading cause of vision loss in people with high myopia.

The stretching of the back of the eye can lead to atrophy (thinning) of the retina and choroid in the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision.

It can also cause fragile, abnormal blood vessels to grow under the retina (choroidal neovascularization), which can leak blood and fluid, leading to scarring and severe central vision loss .

Glaucoma and Cataracts

The risk of developing other serious eye conditions is also higher in individuals with myopia:

• Glaucoma: People with myopia, particularly high myopia, have a two to three times greater risk of developing primary open-angle glaucoma, a condition that damages the optic nerve and causes progressive peripheral vision loss.
• Cataracts: Myopia is associated with an earlier onset of cataracts, which is a clouding of the eye’s natural lens.

Even low levels of myopia are associated with an increased lifetime risk of these conditions. This is why slowing myopia progression in children is so critical—every diopter matters.

Can You Prevent Nearsightedness or Stop it From Getting Worse?

While you can’t change your genetic predisposition to myopia, there are evidence-based strategies that can help delay its onset and slow its progression.

These focus on lifestyle modifications and regular professional care.

Lifestyle Changes to Support Eye Health

• Increase Outdoor Time: This is the most effective known preventive strategy. Aim for at least 2 hours of outdoor time per day. The bright, natural light is key.
• Take Screen Breaks: Follow the 20-20-20 rule. Every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break to look at something 20 feet away. This helps relax the focusing muscles in your eyes.
• Maintain a Healthy Viewing Distance: Hold books, tablets, and phones at a comfortable distance (e.g., elbow distance) rather than close to your face.
• Ensure Good Lighting: Don’t read or work in dim light, as this can increase eyestrain.
• Stop Smoking: Smoking is detrimental to overall eye health and can increase the risk of cataracts and macular degeneration.

The Importance of Regular Eye Exams

Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection and management.

The American Academy of Ophthalmology provides the following recommendations for routine exams, though your doctor may suggest a different schedule based on your personal risk factors.

For Children and Adolescents:

• Screenings by a pediatrician at birth, between 6-12 months, and 12-36 months.
• At least one screening between ages 3 and 5.
• Before starting kindergarten.
• Annually through high school.

For Healthy Adults with No Symptoms:

• At least once between ages 20-29.
• At least twice between ages 30-39.
• Every 2-4 years from ages 40-54.
• Every 1-3 years from ages 55-64.
• Every 1-2 years after age 65.

The Role of Diet and Nutrition

While no specific diet can cure myopia, a balanced diet rich in certain nutrients supports overall eye health. Key nutrients include:

• Vitamin A: Found in carrots, sweet potatoes, and leafy green vegetables.
• Vitamin C: Abundant in citrus fruits, strawberries, and broccoli.
• Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Found in leafy greens like spinach and kale, these antioxidants help protect the retina from harmful blue light.

Living with Nearsightedness: Beyond the Physical Symptoms

The impact of myopia extends beyond just blurry vision. It can affect a person’s quality of life, mental well-being, and financial stability.

Impact on Quality of Life, Mental Health, and Academics

For children, uncorrected or high myopia can lead to difficulties in school, challenges with social interactions, and poor self-esteem.

The limitations on activities and the cosmetic concerns of wearing glasses can be particularly tough during adolescence.

Recent studies have even found that adolescents with myopia have increased odds of anxiety and mood disorders, with the risk rising as myopia severity increases.

For adults, high myopia can impact career choices, driving, and enjoyment of hobbies, leading to a reduced quality of life.

Managing Adult-Onset and Progressive Myopia

While most myopia stabilizes by the early 20s, it’s not uncommon for it to continue progressing into adulthood or even appear for the first time (adult-onset myopia).

This is often linked to periods of intense near work, such as university studies or demanding office jobs.

While myopia control treatments are primarily studied in children, options like multifocal contact lenses and Ortho-K may also be beneficial for managing progression in adults.

It’s crucial for adults experiencing changes in their vision to have a comprehensive eye exam to rule out other underlying causes like cataracts or diabetes.

The Economic Burden of Myopia

The societal cost of myopia is enormous. It includes direct costs for eye exams, glasses, contact lenses, and myopia control treatments, as well as the significant costs of treating myopia-related complications.

A 2015 estimate placed the global productivity loss from uncorrected myopia at $244 billion USD.

While myopia control interventions have an upfront cost, economic analyses have shown they are highly cost-effective over a lifetime by reducing the need for more expensive medical services later in life.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Nearsightedness

1. What is a “bad” prescription for nearsightedness?

Generally, a prescription stronger than -6.00 diopters is considered “high myopia”. This level significantly increases the risk of eye health complications like retinal detachment and myopic macular degeneration, making regular eye health monitoring essential.

2. Can nearsightedness go away on its own?

No, nearsightedness does not go away on its own. It is caused by the physical shape of the eye. While vision can fluctuate, the underlying anatomical cause (e.g., an elongated eyeball) is permanent without surgical intervention.

3. Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?

This is a common myth. Wearing glasses does not make your eyesight worse. It simply corrects the blurry vision caused by the refractive error. In fact, for children, wearing an outdated or incorrect prescription may contribute to progression.

4. How much outdoor time is needed to help prevent myopia?

Research suggests that spending at least 2 hours per day, or about 13-14 hours per week, outdoors can significantly reduce the risk of myopia onset in children. The bright, natural light is believed to be the key protective factor.

5. Is it safe for children to wear contact lenses for myopia control?

Yes, when handled with proper hygiene and care under the guidance of an eye care professional, contact lenses (including Ortho-K and multifocal soft lenses) are a safe and effective option for myopia control in children and teens.

6. Can adults develop nearsightedness?

Yes. While myopia typically starts in childhood, adult-onset myopia can occur, often linked to extensive near work (like university studies or computer-heavy jobs). Myopia can also continue to progress in some adults into their 20s.

7. What is “night myopia”?

Night myopia is a condition where vision becomes blurrier in low-light conditions. The pupils dilate to let in more light, which can exacerbate existing refractive errors and make it harder for the eyes to focus accurately.

8. Is LASIK a good option for everyone with nearsightedness?

No. Ideal candidates for LASIK are adults with a stable prescription for at least a year, adequate corneal thickness, and no other significant eye diseases. A thorough evaluation by an ophthalmologist is required to determine suitability.

9. What’s the difference between an optometrist and an ophthalmologist?

An optometrist (OD) is an eye care professional who provides primary vision care, including eye exams, diagnosis, and treatment of some eye diseases. An ophthalmologist (MD) is a medical doctor who specializes in eye and vision care, performing medical and surgical procedures.

10. Can special eye exercises cure nearsightedness?

No. There is no scientific evidence that eye exercises can cure or reverse myopia. Vision therapy may be prescribed for specific muscle-related focusing issues, but it cannot change the physical length or shape of the eyeball.

Conclusion

Nearsightedness is far more than a simple inconvenience requiring glasses.

It is a complex and growing public health issue with the potential for serious, lifelong consequences.

The key takeaways are clear: myopia is driven by a combination of genetics and modern lifestyles, its progression can be actively managed with modern treatments, and early intervention is critical to reducing the risk of sight-threatening diseases.

From increasing outdoor time for your children to exploring advanced myopia control options like low-dose atropine or Ortho-K, you have the power to be proactive.

The most important step you can take is to partner with a qualified eye care professional.

Don’t wait for the world to become a blur. Schedule a comprehensive eye exam today to discuss your personal risk and the best management strategy for you or your child.

Have you or your child been diagnosed with myopia? Share your experience or ask a question in the comments below to help others on their journey.

Reference

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[3] Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness

[4] Current and emerging strategies for myopia control – Nature

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-025-03949-1

[5] Summary report of the global myopia public health summit 2024

https://ghrp.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41256-025-00445-7

[6] Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and …

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39317432

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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8947159

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https://www.projecteyecare.com/how-genetics-affects-myopia-development